Drug offenders sdmitted to prison Essay Example for Free

Drug offenders sdmitted to prison Essay The single greatest force behind the growth of the U. S. prison system since the mid-1980s has been the national war on drugs. 45 Spearheaded by major federal drug policy initiatives that significantly increased penalties for drug offenses and markedly increased federal funds for state anti-drug efforts, federal and state measures to combat drugs have concentrated on criminal law enforcement rather than prevention and treatment. 46 An estimated 400,000 people almost one-quarter of the total incarcerated population in the U. S. are confined in local jails and state and federal prisons on drug charges. 47 Citing the extraordinary number of drug offenders in U. S. prisons, General Barry McCaffrey, has decried the creation of what he termed a drug gulag. 48 Policies adopted to battle the use and sale of drugs have led to marked increases in arrest rates, in the likelihood of going to prison, and in the length of sentences for drug offenders. Between 1980 and 1997, the number of annual drug arrests tripled to a high of 1,584,000. 49 The rate of drug arrests per 100,000 residents rose from 288 to 661. 50 The rate of commitment to state prison per drug arrest quintupled between 1980 and 1990, rising from 19 prison commitments per 1,000 arrests to 103 per 1,000. 51 The estimated time served by drug offenders in state prisons increased a full year between 1987 and 1996; federal drug sentences doubled. 52 As of 1997, there were an estimated 285,009 men and women in state and federal prisons on drug charges, a twelvefold increase since 1980. 53 Relative to the adult population, the rate of incarceration of drug offenders hasincreased almost tenfold, rising from less than 15 inmates per 100,000 adults to 148 per 100,000. 54 In 1980, drug offenders comprised only six percent of state prison populations. By 1998, they constituted 21 percent. In federal prisons, drug offenders now comprise 59 percent of all inmates, whereas they represented only a quarter of federal inmates in 1980. 55 Drug Offenders Admitted to Prison Between 1980 and 1998, the number of new admissions of drug offenders to state and federal prison soared, exceeding 1. 5 million in total (Figure 5). In recent years, about one hundred thousand drug offenders have been admitted to prison annually. Nationwide, 31 percent of all admissions to state prison in 1996 were drug offenders. Among the states, the proportion of drug offenders varied between a low of 10 percent in Maine to a high of 46. 6 percent in New Jersey and 44. 7 percent in New York (Figure 6). In three quarters of the states, more than one in five persons sent to prison was convicted of a drug offense. In contrast, violent offenders accounted nationwide for only 26. 8 percent of new state prison admissions. Rate of Admission of Drug Offenders There is a remarkable range in the extent to which states subject their populations to incarceration on drug charges (Table 8). The rates of admission of drug offenders to prison per 100,000 adult residents vary from a low of 6 per 100,000 in Maine to a high of 91 in California. The ten states that have the highest rates of drug offender admissions relative to population are: California, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington. Nationwide, drug offenders are sent to prison at a rate, relative to population, that is 13 percent higher than the rate for violent offenders (Table 9). In one half of the states reporting to NCRP, the admission rates for drug offenders exceed those for persons convicted of violent crimes. Six states Arkansas, California, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia send drug offenders to prison at rates that range from 50 to 100 percent higher than the rates for violent offenders. Drug Offending and Prison Admissions The broad range in admission rates for drug offenders across the country cannot be ascribed simply to variations in drug use and sales in different states. Table 10, covering twenty six states, presents federal estimates of the percentage of the population over 12 in those states who were current illicit drug users in 1991-1993. 56 Although some drug users may cross state lines to purchase drugs, we assume that relative rates of drug use in each state also roughly reflect relative amounts of drug sale activity. Comparing drug use rates with calculations of the rate relative to population at which drug offenders in those states were sent to prison reveals the lack of a consistent correlation between drug offending and the imprisonment of drug offenders. First, the percentage of the population that used drugs varied among states from 4. 1 to 8. 2 percent, compared to a range in drug offender admission rates that extended from 8 to 91. Second, the states with higher rates of drug use were not necessarily the states with higher drug offender admission rates. Oregon, for example, had the third highest percentage of drug use, yet it had one of the lowest rates of drug admissions. In contrast, California had both the highest rate of drug use and the highest rate of drug offender admissions. Third, lower drug use did not necessarily correlate with low drug offender admissions rates. The percentage of Illinois population that used drugs was quite low, yet the statehad the second highest rate of drug offender admissions. Similarly, Louisiana had a relatively low rate of drug use yet it had one of the highest rates of drug admissions. Obviously, no definitive conclusions can be drawn from a comparison of these two rather crude sets of figures. Nevertheless, the data suggest the explanation for the different rates at which people are sent to prison for drug offenses must lie in different penal policies and priorities among the states, including different law enforcement resources and strategies, prosecutorial charging preferences, and sentencing laws, as well as structural and demographic factors, e. g. , degrees of urbanization, rather than rates of drug offending. Drugs Involved In Offense The NCRP data does not permit reliable calculations about the extent to which different hard drugs (e. g. , cocaine, amphetamines, heroin) were involved in drug offenses. The data is somewhat better with regard to the identification of marijuana offenses, which were identified as the drug involved in 4. 3 percent of all drug admissions. 57 In nine states marijuana offenses accounted for more than ten percent of drug admissions: Alabama (16. 09), Iowa (17. 22), Kentucky (12. 4), Mississippi (14. 50), New Hampshire (28. 83), North Dakota (43. 02), South Carolina (11. 25), South Dakota (18. 3), and West Virginia (20. 63) (Table 11). Type of Drug Conduct People are sent to prison for both drug possession and sales-related conduct. In 1996, the simple possession of drugs (excluding possession with intent to sell) was the most serious conviction offense for 28 percent of all drug offenders admitted to state prison (Table 12). Fifty-six percent of drug offender admissions were for drug sales, and the rest for other drug-related offenses (e. g. , fraudulent prescriptions and unlawful possession of syringes). In nine states (Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, Mississippi, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Virginia) more than 50 percent of drug offenders sent to prison were convicted of simple possession.

Pit Bull Law In Ontario Essay Example for Free

Pit Bull Law In Ontario Essay The pit bull law is a touch and go law, it is one of those laws that doesn’t get enforced until this dog actually does something that would get it attention of the police, in which case they would take your pit bull away from you and put it down. Most people blame the bad reputation of pit bulls on bad owners, Pit bulls have been known as bad dogs since criminals started adopting them in the 70’s-80’s and using them in illegal dog fights and self defense dogs to protect drugs and money usually, pit bulls are very intimidating dogs that’s why they where chosen for all this stuff. Tons of sources and people all say that pit bulls make amazing family dogs, numerous people say that the key to a good dog is a good and loving owner, and make a great family dog that are good with kids and other animals only if trained right. The law is also hurting people too, there are a lot of pit bull breeders that are now not legally aloud to breed the only breed they know how to breed which is a violation of there rights. The government cant make you get rid of a pit bull you already own but there are very strict guidelines as to take care and keep these dogs away from society. The bill should be appealed, all dogs bite. Just these dogs need special attention just like every other dog to be a good dog. First of all the big reason why there is a ban on pit bull breeding and ownership of pit bulls is because of the bad reputation that they have accumulated over the past 40 or so years one of the first uses of the pit bull was to fight bears and bulls and stuff and people used that as entertainment, after that got banned for being rules as cruel to animals they came up with a new sport for the dogs which was to pin them up against each other in a pit for a fight to the death and people would bid money on the winners and ect†¦ the dogs where bred to kill. But it was made very illegal very fast and banned in all 52 states and Canada. That breed was very dangerous, but since the 80’s making that killer breed was illegal so that pure killing machine isn’t really around anymore but you cant take it all out of the gene, but it can be easily controlled with proper training and a loving owner. But that’s not always the case bad people do get there hands on these dogs to often and treat them with no respect, love or care and give don’t them proper obedience training. â€Å"Many of the pit bull attacks are due to a skyrocketing number of poorly bred and badly trained dogs raised by backyard breeders, who are trying to cash in on the pit bull’s growing reputation as a cheap, but deadly effective guard dog, particularly in urban areas.† This is a quote from The Houston Chronicle placing the blame almost solely on the humans. Before the 80’s pit bull attacks where almost unheard of in fact there where an American icon along with bull dogs. Pit bulls where used on military poster for the first world war and in other posters, the pit bull was in a lot of households across America. The second topic would be how this law in Ontario has affected people’s jobs in breeding. Because of the new law breeders that have perfected there breed and only have knowledge in the pit bull breed, now that that has been taken away from them it is violating there rights as people, they have been stripped of there jobs because of an unfair law that has no reason to even be a law. Ontario breeders argue the ban violates breeders constitutional rights. Hundreds of supporters of pit bull-type dogs gathered in front of the provincial legislature to protest. Other supporters, including the American Staffordshire Club of Canada, say that Ontarios law is so vague and unscientific that it will affect many animals that shouldnt be banned. In a widely reported case, Toronto police fired more than a dozen bullets into two pit bulls that had turned on the man who was walking them as a favor for a friend. In another in London, Ont., a woman and her seven-year-old son watched in horror as a pit bull latched onto her husbands arm as he tried to keep the family puppy out of the dogs reach. While some breeders are fighting the ban, others are leaving the province. Pit bulls arent really an identifiable breed, added Hillier, so the law only provides a physical description of dogs, which he said could be applied to many breeds. The vague description of pit bulls in the legislation — which speaks of broad shoulders, short hair and a wide forehead Pit bull bans are ridiculous and cruel, she added, and have already been lifted in other provinces, many U.S. states and countries around the world. Everyone knows its the deed, not the breed, thats the problem. We know that German shepherds, we know that Labrador retrievers, we know that Chihuahuas are as capable of biting, or more capable of biting, as so-called pit bulls. What is trying to be said here is that there is no actually law on the breed of pit bulls its just a description and a very vague one at that, This law is very un organized, pit bulls are getting shipped out of Ontario and being pit down even when there not full pit bulls, they are mixes that fit the description. The original Bill 132 was passed on March 1, 2005, and received Royal Assent on March 9, 2005.The Bill prohibits individuals from owning, breeding, transferring, importing or abandoning pit bulls. Now that its 2012 the law has almost been considered being lifted completely it has in other provinces, Ontario is basically the only province that has not lifted it in Canada, and hopefully they let up soon, its unfair to all the breeders and pit bull lovers out there. In conclusion the Pit Bull has had a bad reputation since the mid 19 hundreds between the illegal dog fights and all the gangsters and terrible breeders using these dogs for attack dogs and to protect drugs, and money, and for intimidation, and ect. But truth is that killer breed has been gone for awhile now, its basically just mixes out there from bad breeders with bad owners, there is no such thing as a â€Å"bad† dog, every dog is capable of biting and being viscous, the pit bull is capable of being a good dog, pit bull owners all say, there dog is great with there kids and family and even strangers, other dogs are touchy but can be contained with proper training. Also it putting good breeders out of a job is unfair because they can be breeding great dogs not even the killer ones. It violates their rights and they have been fighting for them back since 2005. The Law is cruel and unusual and should be lifted. Work Cited 1.Arland Kent, pit bulls fighting there historical bad rep, April 2010, www.streetdirectory.com 2. Mrgrimwig, Why do pit bulls attack?, august 12, 2011, www.mrgrimwig.hubpages.com 3. Unknown, 10 common misconceptions about pit bulls. Febuary 10th, 2009, www.dogster.com 4. CBC news team, Pit bull ban begins, August 29th 2005, www.CBC.ca 5. Aaron Hall, Pitbull ban close to being lifted, February 24th 2012, www.ckdp.com

Developing a Workplace Health Surveillance System

Developing a Workplace Health Surveillance System Title: A) Identify and describe a suitable health surveillance programme for a generic factory which contains both an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop. b) Suggest the type of analysis, which could be carried out by the occupational hygienist and those which would rely on an occupational physician. c) What are the benefits and limitations of health surveillance in the workplace? The health surveillance programme selected for a generic factory containing an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop is one that takes into account all the potential risks for the factory employees as well as the possibility of factory accidents causing damage to the local environment. Generally the companies that own generic factories, which contain both engineering workshops and woodworking shops are like any other factories in that they have to comply with all the relevant Health and Safety as well as environmental protection legislation, procedures, and also statutory regulations. These legal frameworks and structures are introduced by the British government and also in some cases by the European Union, and have to be implemented.[1] In other words all the owners of factories and workplaces need to take into full account environmental not to mention health and safety issues that could leave their premises shutdown due to accidents, or outbreaks of illness and other environmental as well as health considerations.[2] That is when suitable health surveillance programmes come into the equation for businesses and factory owners as these schemes are intended to prevent environmental damage as well as breeches in workplace health and safety regulations.[3] The concept of the health surveillance programme was basically developed to assist businesses and organisations in meeting legal requirements. Essentially ensuring that all the industrial and retail workplaces or premises that they use to produce goods and deliver services strictly adhere to all the relevant environmental protection measures as well as health and safety regulations and procedures.[4] A generic factory, which contains an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop, should certainly not be the exception to the rule in relation to operating a suitable health surveillance programme. In order to ensure full compliance to environmental regulations as well as health and safety procedures businesses and organisations should frequently review and even alter the health surveillance programme in operation upon their premises, factories, and workplaces. The health surveillance programmes ideally need to reflect the nature of their business operations as well as the size and suitability of the premises they actually use. In any case the actual level of health and safety standards as well as environmental protection measures adhered to will have already been set through legislation, procedures, and also regulations. In many respects the setting up of an health surveillance programme is a highly convenient framework for the co-ordinating of all the organisation’s efforts to meet its legally set health and safety standards as well as environmental protection measures.[5] Arguably the businesses and organisations that operate any generic factory, which contain an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop should be fully aware of the need for a suitable  health surveillance programme for their respective premises. Furthermore due to the actual and also the potential environmental as well as health and safety risks at such a generic factory, which contains an engineering workshop and woodworking shop high standards need to be reached.[6] Therefore the businesses and also the organisations that own generic factories should certainly consider stringent health surveillance programme for their premises. For if such a programme was too relaxed it would pose the risk of being ineffective due to employers and businesses could potentially fail to fully comply with health and safety standards alongside environmental protection measures required under all relevant legislation, procedures, and statutory regulations.[7] To a very large extent stringent measures would arguably be the most effective besides being the most suitable basis for a health surveillance programme at any generic factory. In this case a generic factory, which contains an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop as these facilities put employees at a greater risk of serious industrial injuries and also exposure to potentially dangerous equipment and materials.[8] The employers and businesses in charge of the generic factory should be fully aware and also able to understand their legal obligations as an organisation to their employees, and also to the environment as well. The employers and businesses responsible for establishing the health surveillance programme for the generic factory would take the health and safety standards as well as environmental protection measures fully into account when setting the targets to be achieved over all. After all failure to reach such standards and enforce environmental protection measure c ould result in prosecutions if they are caught by health and safety, or indeed environmental inspection teams failing to reach legal standards.[9] The suitable health surveillance programme developed and implemented at any generic factory containing an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop would also take into account and measure the environmental consequences or impact of the factory and its completed products and delivered goods. Normally it would be sound practice to use the legally defined targets for environmental protection measures as set out in British legislation, as well as procedures, and regulations, some of which originate from the European Union. Therefore the employers and businesses that are the operators of generic factories, which contain an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop would find health surveillance programme unhelpful. Especially the general ones used in warehouses and retail units as simply unsuitable because their premises are more unsuitable because their premises are more likely to have equipment or indeed waste by products that pose a health and safety threat to their respective wor kforces.[10] Depending upon what is actually produced in generic factories the industrial processes used in engineering workshop and a woodworking shop will produce chemically or physically hazardous waste by products. The workers of generic factories, which contain engineering workshop and a woodworking shop, could reasonably expect to have to endure fluctuations in temperatures, gas emissions or fumes, not to mention the potential for the spillage of harmful substances.[11] The greater the potential health and safety risk the more stringent the health surveillance programme to be put into affect should be. Besides monitoring the health and safety levels of machinery and equipment the health surveillance programme put into place should ensure that all waste by products are disposed of responsibly, as well as having all areas cleaned on a regular basis.[12] When drawing up a suitable health surveillance programme it could also be sensible to take the age as well as the construction of each generic factory into account as some buildings could be more dangerous than others are. For instance, older premises might have to be vigorously checked for asbestos. If the generic factory has an engineering workshop that produces chemical reactions, as well as toxic waste products then the health surveillance programme would only be suitable if procedures for the monitoring of and disposal of chemicals are included. Finally to be effective any suitable health surveill ance programme would entail that occupational hygienist and also reliance upon an occupational physician routinely monitored the generic factory.[13] Ideally when monitoring and inspecting the generic factories the occupational hygienist and op would use the most efficient types of analysis available to ensure the health surveillance programme is fully adhered to. For the occupational hygienist and op it would be very useful for the business and organisation in charge of the generic factory to provide detailed accounts of what is produced and used within the engineering workshop and a woodworking shop.[14] The occupational hygienist would need to have a very sound knowledge of the chemicals, waste by products and emissions that could potentially pose a threat to the workers at the generic factory as well as the environment of the surrounding area.[15] To keep the generic factory containing an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop for workers and the environment the occupational hygienist needs to have all the latest information regarding chemical, as well as organic threats. To allow the health surveillance programme to succeed in protecting both the environment and workers the occupational hygienist need to analyse the cleanliness of the generic factory in general and the production areas in particular. The failure to clean the generic factory properly could increase the chances of environmental pollution not to mention raising the risk of unsafe working conditions within the engineering workshop and also a woodworking shop taken as a whole. It is recommended that the oh use a comprehensive system to analyse the waste by products, emissions and discharged water to check for pollutants and bacteria that would contaminate the local environment.[16] It should also be remembered that a lack of hygiene standards and good practices can increase or allow the spread of infections or illnesses through businesses and workplaces with the generic factory being just as prone as any other factory to such bouts of sickness. In the generic factory unhealthy hygiene standards have the capacity given certain conditions to severely restrict the availability as well as the capacity of workers to carry out their normal workplace functions and job roles. Of course some conditions and illnesses that started in the generic factory could spread other people and even animals causing damage to the environment.[17] In many respects the purpose of an occupational physician would involve having to fulfil a very similar task to that of the occupational hygienist, in other words to help protect the local environment, as well as the health and safety of the workers of the generic factory. The objective therefore of an occupational physician is to have the responsibility of checking that all of the machinery as well as the materials used in the generic factory, which contains an engineering workshop and a woodworking shop will not pollute the environment of the surrounding area.[18] As with the occupational hygienist the occupational physician should carry out frequent checks of the equipment, machinery, materials, and waste by products to ensure an accurate analysis of the environmental impact that the generic factory is actually having. An analysis that allows the person taking on the role of an occupational physician to quickly and accurately measure the effectiveness and the environmental impact of all relevant equipment and materials would be very useful.[19] Measuring the impact that the generic factory has upon the environment will demonstrate whether or not the health surveillance programme is fit for purpose in reducing pollution as well as protecting the health and safety of the generic factory’s workers.[20] The generic factory will cause less pollution if its owners use sustainable materials besides using energy and water efficient equipment to make its finished goods. The occupational physician can check the sustainability of all the materials used by verifying were they come from before reaching the generic factory.[21] The equipment or at least the newer machinery within the generic factory should be energy and water efficient to comply with environmental protection procedures and regulations. The occupational physician will also provide the capability to suggest improvements to the materials and equipment used in the generic factory so that it reduces its impact upon the environment and improves health and safety in line with its health surveillance programme.[22] Therefore to be effective in supporting the health surveillance programme the occupational physician should have figures about when equipment, materials, as well as machinery fully comply with the health and safety standards as well as environmental protection measures laid down by the law. Also when items within the generic factory fail to meet the health and safety standards plus the environmental protection measures then the occupational physician should be able to suggest improvements and updates to equipment, materials, and also machinery. The occupational physician are thus having to decide whether or not to analyse if the owners are in fact genuinely interested in meeting health and safety standards as well as environmental protection measures via its health surveillance programme.[23] There are arguably benefits to the use of health surveillance programme in the workplace. Firstly by using the framework of an health surveillance programme there is a great deal of scope for improving health and safety at the workplace. The drawing up of a health surveillance programme has the ability to make employers, employees and trade unions concentrate upon improving health and safety practices and also procedures at the workplace. By identifying areas of concern the introduction of health surveillance programme means that employers, employees and trade unions co-operate with each other to make workplaces safe. It should be briefly mentioned that trade unions usually have strong interests in protecting the health and safety of their membership within workplaces especially those that could be dangerous facilities or premises that will be made safer.[24] Another benefit of introducing health surveillance programmes into workplaces is that these programmes can improve the environmental sustainability of industrial and retail premises. When health surveillance programmes are introduced it provides opportunities for equipment and materials that increase sustainable development, as well as improving health and safety standards. The new machinery and more sustainable materials potentially reduce the health and safety risks from emissions and toxic waste by products.[25] In theory, at least environmentally cleaner workplaces should mean that workers suffer less from illnesses linked to the pollution caused by production processes. For instance reducing airborne pollutants should lower the occurrence of asthma in both the workplace as well as in the surrounding areas. Arguably cleaner places should also be more attractive premises to work within.[26] They are limitations to the impact that health surveillance programme introduced into workplaces can have. Employers might publicly adhere to improving health and safety as well as improving environmental sustainability, yet there are limits to how far they will go to do so. Employers and businesses will only implement health surveillance programme if they actually have to do so, or if they believe that there are benefits for them of enacting such programmes.[27] Basically employers and businesses would regard health surveillance programme as being useful if it increases the efficiency of their operations.[28] The other main limitation of using health surveillance programme in the workplace is that the employers and businesses will not want to improve health and safety standards or indeed environmental protection measures.[29] Employers and businesses will frequently regard health and safety standards as well as environmental protection measures as a legal, procedural, or regulatory necessity rather than a desirable not to mention well-intentioned improvements. For the majority of employers and businesses health and safety standards as well as environmental protection measures under the auspices of their respective health surveillance programme are implemented to avoid breaking the law, plus any subsequent prosecutions for doing so. The drawing up of an health surveillance programme is often a really useful, pragmatic framework for ensuring compliance in full to all relevant pieces of legislation, procedures, and regulations drawn up by the British government and with increasing policy inp ut from the European Union.[30] The drawing up of, and the subsequent operation of health surveillance programmes would be useful if not always unrestrained for employers and businesses. In many respects the employers and businesses have to strictly adhere to health and safety standards as well as environmental protection measures in each and every single workplace covered by the scope of such legislation, procedures, and regulations. After all the main purpose of any health surveillance programme is overwhelming to make sure that the employers and businesses covered by this programmes do exactly what they are supposed to do to fully comply with all of the relevant legislation, procedures, and regulations. However at the end of the day, for most employers and businesses want to do nothing more, or nothing less than what they are required to do legally.[31] Over all the general effectiveness as well as the full extent of the health surveillance programme type of policy framework and implementation can be limited by budgetary constraints affecting the employers and the businesses intending to comply with all relevant legislation, procedures, and statutory regulations. Or to put it in another way the employers and the businesses will seek to introduce the relevant health surveillance programme to them to achieve the meeting of all health and safety standards not to mention the environmental protection procedures to the minimum level of legal acceptability. Employers and businesses will therefore limit their activities in relation to the achievement of the objectives contained within each health surveillance programme to all that they legally have to achieve. Thus from a logical perspective once the minimum legal levels of safety and environmental protection have been achieved the employers and also the businesses involved would only have to change the health surveillance programme on an irregular basis. Basically the health surveillance programme would remain unaltered and would only be amended to reflect any changes to legislation, procedures, and also statutory regulations. After all whenever legislation, procedures, and statutory regulations remain the same as before there is no strong incentive to exceed health and safety standards or indeed environmental protection measures. [32] Bibliography HSE COSHH essentials for machining with metalworking fluids HSE40/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits Miller P, Rossiter P, Nuttal D, Demonstrating the Economic Value of Occupational Health Services 1 Footnotes [1] HSE40/2005 p. 2 [2] Miller, Rossiter, Nuttal, pp. 2-5 [3] HSE, 2004 p. 9 [4] HSE COSHH essentials p.3 [5] HSE40/2005 p. 2 [6] HSE, 2004 p. 9 [7] HSE COSHH essentials p.3 [8] HSE40/2005 p. 2 [9] HSE COSHH essentials p.3 [10] HSE COSHH essentials p.3 [11] HSE, 2004 p. 15 [12] HSE, 2004 p. 9 [13] HSE COSHH and the woodworking industry, pp 2 4 [14] HSE COSHH essentials p.3 [15] HSE40/2005 p. 2 [16] HSE, 2004 p. 9 [17] HSE COSHH and the woodworking industry, pp 2 4 [18] HSE COSHH and the woodworking industry, pp 2 4 [19] HSE, 2004 p. 9 [20] HSE40/2005 p. 2 [21] Miller, Rossiter, Nuttal, pp. 2-5 [22] HSE COSHH essentials p.3 [23] HSE, 2004 p. 12 [24] HSE, 2004 p. 15 [25] HSE COSHH and the woodworking industry, pp 2 4 [26] Miller, Rossiter, Nuttal, pp. 2-5 [27] Miller, Rossiter, Nuttal, pp. 2-5 [28] HSE COSHH essentials p.3 [29] HSE40/2005 p. 2 [30] HSE COSHH and the woodworking industry, pp 2 4 [31] HSE, 2004 p. 18 [32] HSE COSHH essentials p.3

Voltaire Exposes the Fallacy of Optimism in Candide Essay -- Optimism

Voltaire was the French author of the novella Candide, also known as "Optimism" (Durant and Durant 724). Famous as a playwright and essayist, Voltaire’s Candide is the book where he tries to point out the fallacy of Gottfried William von Leibniz's theory of Optimism. He uses satire, and techniques of exaggeration to contrast highlight the evil and brutality of war and the world in general when men are meekly accepting of their fate. Leibniz, a German philosopher and mathematician of Voltaire's time, developed the idea that the world they were living in at that time was "the best of all possible worlds." This systematic optimism shown by Leibniz is the philosophical system that believed everything already was for the best, no matter how terrible it seemed. In this satire, Voltaire also used contrast in the personalities of the characters to convey the message that Leibniz's philosophy should not be dealt with any seriousness. Leibniz, sometimes regarded as a Stoic or Fatalist because his philosophies were based on the idea that everything in the world was determined by fate, theorized that God, having the ability to pick from an infinite number of worlds, chose this world, "the best of all possible worlds." Although Voltaire chose that simple quality of Leibniz's philosophy to satirize, Leibniz meant a little more than just that. Even though his philosophy stated that God chose "the best of all possible worlds," he also meant that God, being the perfection he is, chose the best world available to him, unfortunately it was a world containing evil. It seems as though Voltaire wanted to ridicule Leibniz's philosophy so much that he chose to satirize only the literal meaning and fatal acceptance of evil of Leibniz's philosophy. ... ...ell. When Candide is reunited with both he realizes that he was right not to lose hope. In essence, it was Candide's optimism that keeps him from a state of total dejection, maintaining his sanity during troubled times. Candide eventually achieves happiness with his friends in their simple, yet full, lives. The book's ending affirms Voltaire's moral that one must work to attain satisfaction. Work helps Candide overcome his tragedies and enables him to live peacefully and in contentment. The message of Candide is: "Don't rationalize, but work; Don't utopianize, but improve. We must cultivate our own garden, for no one is going to do it for us" (Richter 161). Works Cited Bottiglia, William. "Candide's Garden." Voltaire: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.

I Beat the Odds :: Personal Narrative Writing

I Beat the Odds Often times I ask myself if the education that I have received was ever worthwhile. I have always received a public-school education. As a matter of fact, I went to a junior high school and high school which was close to the university I am currently attending: the University of Southern California (USC). Growing up, the University of Southern California seemed like an impossible dream. The education I received was insufficient to prepare me for the standardized tests given to high school students across the nation. Preparation for higher education is deficient; mandatory information about college is not given to students. However, receiving an inferior education from a public school strengthened my character and enhanced my perseverance to do great things. My passion and determination brought me to the realization that I can accomplish anything. I was fortunate to grow up in an environment where education was upheld a great value. I understood that the only key to success was to go through the narrow gate that people rarely are willing to enter because they do not take advantage of its offer. Attending the University of Southern California gave me the opportunity to mentor under privileged students about education through an on-campus program called the Joint Educational Program (JEP). I believe education is interlinked with educating others, not solely on subjects such as science, math, or English, but by passing on the information of the prominence of education. I feel compelled to pass down the torch to the unfortunate who do not comprehend the ability that one will gain after receiving education. The atmosphere of my university is not at all the way I expected it to be while I was in high school. At USC, the education is fantastic! I have never learned so many things in such a short period of time. I probably learned more things in one semester than most of my years in high school. I am in the pre-medical field. The classes that the university is making me take are overwhelming. I had doubts of my capability to continue with the field, but when I compare myself with my classmates I feel that I study more than they do, and am retaining a lot more information than they are, because they have already learned

Essay --

In the The Forgotten Plague: Opium and Narcotics in Korea under Japanese Rule, 1910-1945, John M. Jennings argues that opium and narcotics trafficking played a significant part in Korea under Japanese colonial rule from 1910-1944, and that the subject of opium in Korea under Japanese colonial rule is not fully examined by historians. Jennings bases this connection between the opium and narcotics trade and the Japanese on three factors: the spread of drug addiction in Korea during Japanese colonial rule, Korea's rise in production and exportation of narcotics throughout the 1920s and 1930s, and the political immunity of Korean drug traffickers in China. In the first part of the article, Jennings emphasizes how Korea was forced to deal with a major domestic drug addiction problem under Japanese colonial rule. The article highlights how opium first arrived in Korea from China, and that opium smoking has long been a widespread habit in Korean society. By I905 there were so many opium addicts in Korea that the Japanese Residency General had to force the Korean Government to stop the problem. This resulted in harsh laws condemning opium smoking, the importation and sale, as well as opium paraphernalia (Jennings 797). The article does a good job of emphasizing to the reader that these new laws were ineffective because opium smoking endured throughout the early stages of the Japanese colonial period. Jennings references how in 1912 the Japanese government was required to enforce a new law in which Korean opium smokers were punished under the same level of severity as if under Japanese law to discourage the widespread usage of opium (Jen nings 797). According to Jennings, Korean addicts were only permitted to continue smoking if the end... ...elf states many times in the article that he wishes to shed much needed light on an ignored aspect of imperial Japan's actions in Korea. This article contributes to the wider literature because it introduces the reader to the effects of Japanese colonialism in Korea through the analysis of primary source documents, first hand experiences, and expert opinion. My experience has shown that little is mentioned in textbooks and resources to cover the topic of Korea under Japanese colonialism other than the dates of annexation and the date of emancipation. This is a very good article for readers and scholars to compare with Western imperialism material. Furthermore, the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945 went through several overlapping phases, this article touches on many of those political, social, and economic changes occurring in Korea during this period.

My Favourite Book or the Book I Like Most Essay

I can unhesitatingly and boastfully claim that ‘my never- failing friends are they, with whom I converse day by day.’ And these friends, with whom I talk, converse and gossip as a matter of routine, are the BOOKS, that are stacked in our family-library. Their sweet, long company has made me a true book-lover in the real sense. Without any doubt or reservation, I can frankly say that blessed are those, who are in constant company of books. Books never desert us, when we fall prey to evil days, and they never flatter us, when fortune smiles on us. In my life so far, I have read many books including the titles on travels and adventures; biographies and auto ­biographies; love poems and nature poems; novels and stories and plays written by various authors of long standing and good repute. If I am asked to choose the book which I like most, I would go for the novel ‘the old man and the sea,’ written by the world-renowned novelist ‘Ernest Hemingway’ (1899-1961). Hemingway was a highly successful, prolific, U.S. writer of international fame and his novel in question was awarded the coveted Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. ‘The Old Man and the Sea’, was, actually, brought out in 1952. Naturally and undisputedly, a masterpiece of Hemingway, ‘The Old Man and the Sea’ is a beautiful description of the changing phases in the life of a man. It brings to the mind how the behaviour of acquaintances, friends, Nations and co-workers of a man undergoes a sea change with the drifting of a phase in life. The main character in the novel is an old fisherman, facing the loss of his lost vigour with great patience and fortitude. An expert master fisherman in his hay days, the old man had, in his by-gone days, trained a number of aspiring young men in baiting and catching fish. They had all learnt venturing out into the sea and fight against the ebb and flow of tides under his expert guidance. They not only admired him for his great skill and courage; but heaped upon him praises for his daring nature and tact time and again. He had become a living legend for them. But the time changed in the autumn of his life. He was considered a spent-force and was not in a position to catch any fish on a regular basis even for his own survival. There were no admirers left and the one-time hero had become almost a forgotten story. There were times, when he had to survive on charity of others. However, the old man did not give up easily. He remained firm and unyielding and continued trying his luck with his not till the last moment. He proved himself a brave, struggling fighter. He accepted his fate not in despair but with courage and determination. One day he succeeded in catching a giant marlin; but was not in a position to pull it out. The result was that the catch was eaten by sharks. Besides the story and the over-all plot of the novel, the style of narration and the language are also highly impressive. Hemingway is nowhere bombastic or Johnsonian in the novel On the contrary, his style is greatly forceful with simple and easy-to-understand sentences, having few confusing adverbs or adjectives. This is why ‘The old man and the sea’ is the only book I have liked most.